Jump to content

Christine Lagarde

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Her Excellency
Christine Lagarde
Lagarde in 2020
President of the European Central Bank
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 November 2019
Vice PresidentLuis de Guindos
Preceded byMario Draghi
Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
In office
5 July 2011 – 12 September 2019
Deputy
Preceded byDominique Strauss-Kahn
Succeeded byKristalina Georgieva
Minister of Economics, Finance and Industry
In office
19 June 2007 – 29 June 2011
Prime MinisterFrançois Fillon
Preceded byJean-Louis Borloo
Succeeded byFrançois Baroin
Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
In office
18 May 2007 – 18 June 2007
Prime MinisterFrançois Fillon
Preceded byDominique Bussereau
Succeeded byMichel Barnier
Minister for Foreign Trade
In office
2 June 2005 – 15 May 2007
Prime MinisterDominique de Villepin
Preceded byFrançois Loos
Succeeded byHervé Novelli
Personal details
Born
Christine Madeleine Odette Lallouette

(1956-01-01) 1 January 1956 (age 68)
9th arrondissement of Paris, France
Political partyUnion for a Popular Movement (2007–2011)
Other political
affiliations		European People's Party
Spouse
Wilfried Lagarde
​
​
(m. 1982; div. 1992)​
Children2
EducationParis Nanterre University
Sciences Po Aix
Signature

Christine Madeleine Odette Lagarde (French: [kʁistin madlɛn ɔdɛt laɡaʁd]; née Lallouette, IPA: [lalwɛt]; born 1 January 1956) is a French politician and lawyer who has been the President of the European Central Bank since 2019. She previously served as the 11th Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2011 to 2019. Lagarde had also served in the Government of France, most prominently as Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry from 2007 until 2011. She is the first woman to hold each of those posts.[1]

Born and raised in Paris, Lagarde graduated from law school at Paris Nanterre University and obtained a Master's degree from Sciences Po Aix. After being admitted to the Paris Bar, she joined the international law firm Baker & McKenzie as an associate in 1981, specializing in labor and anti-trust, as well as mergers and acquisitions. Rising through the ranks, she was a member of the executive committee of the firm from 1995 until 1999, before being elevated to its Chair between 1999 and 2004; she was the first woman in both positions. She held the top post until she decided to go into public service.

Lagarde returned to France when appointed Minister of Foreign Trade from 2005 to 2007, then briefly served as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from May to June 2007, and finally, as minister of finance from 2007 to 2011, making her the first female to hold the finance portfolio of any Group of Eight economy. During her tenure, Lagarde oversaw the government response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, for which the Financial Times ranked her the best finance minister in the Eurozone.[2]

On 5 July 2011, she was elected to replace Dominique Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF for a five-year term.[3][4][5] Her appointment was the 11th consecutive appointment of a European to head the IMF.[6] She was selected by consensus for a second five-year term, starting 5 July 2016, being the only candidate nominated for the post.[7] In December 2016, a French court convicted her of negligence relating to her role in the Bernard Tapie arbitration,[8] but did not impose a penalty. Lagarde resigned from the IMF following her nomination as president of the ECB.

In 2019, 2020, 2022 and 2023, Forbes ranked her number two on its World's 100 Most Powerful Women list.[9][10][11]

Early life and education

[edit]

Christine Lagarde was born in Paris, France,[12] into a family of teachers. Her father, Robert Lallouette, "born to a Jewish mother and a non-religious father.",[13] was an English teacher; her mother, Nicole (Carré),[14] was a Latin, Greek and French literature teacher. Lagarde and her three younger brothers spent their childhood in Le Havre. There she attended the Lycée François 1er (where her father taught) and Lycée Claude Monet.[15][16][17]

As a teenager, Lagarde was a member of the French national synchronised swimming team.[18] After her baccalauréat in 1973, she went on an American Field Service scholarship to the Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland.[19][20] During her year in the United States, Lagarde worked as an intern at the U.S. Capitol as Representative William Cohen's congressional assistant, helping him correspond with French-speaking constituents from his northern Maine district during the Watergate hearings.[19][20] She graduated from Paris Nanterre University, where she obtained master's degrees in English, labour law, and social law.[21][22] She also holds a master's degree from the Sciences Po Aix in Aix-en-Provence.[18][23] Since 2010, she has presided over the Aix school's board of directors.[24]

Professional career

[edit]

Lagarde joined Baker & McKenzie, a large Chicago-based international law firm, in 1981. She was a director of two of the firm's subsidiaries in tax havens.[25] She handled major antitrust and labour cases, was made partner after six years and was named head of the firm in Western Europe. She joined the executive committee in 1995 and was elected the company's first female chairman in October 1999.[26][27][28][29] Three years later she was reelected. At Baker & McKenzie Lagarde promulgated a “client first” approach whereby lawyers anticipated client needs rather than solely reacting to exigent situations.[30]

In 2004, Lagarde became president of the Global Strategic Committee.[31]

Ministerial career

[edit]

As France's trade minister between 2005 and May 2007, Lagarde prioritized opening new markets for the country's products, focusing on the technology sector. On 18 May 2007, she was moved to the Ministry of Agriculture as part of the government of François Fillon.[32] The following month she joined Fillon's cabinet in the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Finance and Employment.[33] She was the only member of the French political class to condemn Jean-Paul Guerlain's racist remarks of 2010.[34] In government, she implemented liberal economic reforms, such as liberalizing the labor market, lowering estate taxes, and an austerity plan for public services.[35]

International Monetary Fund

[edit]

Appointment

[edit]
Lagarde in 2011

On 25 May 2011, Lagarde announced her candidacy to be head of the IMF to succeed Dominique Strauss-Kahn, upon his resignation.[36] Her candidacy received the support of the British, Indian, United States, Brazilian, Russian, Chinese and German governments.[37][38][39][40][41] The governor of the Bank of Mexico (and former Secretary of Finance) Agustín Carstens was also nominated for the post. His candidacy was supported by many Latin American governments, as well as Spain, Canada and Australia.[37]

On 28 June 2011, the IMF board elected Lagarde as its next managing director and chairman for a five-year term, starting on 5 July 2011.[3][4][5] The IMF's executive board praised both Lagarde and Carstens as well-qualified, but decided on the former by consensus. Lagarde became the first woman to be elected as the head of the IMF.[3] Carstens would have been the first non-European. Her appointment came amid the intensification of the European sovereign debt crisis especially in Greece, with fears looming of loan defaults. The United States in particular supported her speedy appointment in light of the fragility of Europe's economic situation.[42]

U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said that Lagarde's "exceptional talent and broad experience will provide invaluable leadership for this indispensable institution at a critical time for the global economy."[5] President Nicolas Sarkozy referred to Lagarde's appointment as "a victory for France." Oxfam, a charity working in developing nations, called the appointment process "farcical" and argued that what it saw as a lack of transparency hurt the IMF's credibility.[43]

On 17 December 2015, Michel Sapin, French Finance Minister, said that Lagarde could stay on as head of the IMF, despite being charged with criminal negligence.[44] Throughout her time at the IMF, she repeatedly ruled herself out of the races to secure a top job in Europe, including the positions of President of the European Commission and President of the European Central Bank.[45] On 2 July 2019, Lagarde was nominated to serve as the next president of the ECB, to succeed Mario Draghi.[46] She subsequently submitted her resignation as managing director.[47]

Lagarde paid a courtesy call on Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad at the sidelines of the 33rd Asean Summit in Singapore.[48]

Viewpoints

[edit]
Alistair Darling (left) with Lagarde and Timothy Geithner (right) in 2009

In July 2010, Lagarde told the PBS NewsHour that the IMF's lending program for distressed European countries was "a very massive plan, totally unexpected, totally counter-treaty, because it wasn't scheduled in the treaty that we should do a bailout program, as we did." She also said, "we had essentially a trillion dollars on the table to confront any market attack that would target any country, whether it's Greece, Spain, Portugal, or anybody within the eurozone." With respect to the French economy, she stated that besides short-term stimulus efforts: "we must, very decisively, cut our deficit and reduce our debt."[49]

In public remarks made right after her appointment, Lagarde stated that both the IMF and EU required Greek austerity measures as a prerequisite for further aid. She said, "If I have one message tonight about Greece, it is to call on the Greek political opposition to support the party that is currently in power in a spirit of national unity."[5] She said of her predecessor that: "The IMF has taken up the challenges of the crisis thanks to the actions of Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn and to his team as well."[40] On 25 December 2011, Lagarde argued that the world economy was at risk and urged Europeans to unify in terms of the debt crisis facing the continent.[50]

Lagarde during the World Economic Forum 2013

In July 2012, as the Greek economy continued to decline, and the country's leaders asked for an easing of the terms of external assistance, Lagarde said she was "not in the negotiation or renegotiation mood at all."[51][52] A year later, though, with her own organization conceding that its "rescue" package for Greece had fallen short of what was required, Lagarde—having previously said that Greece's debt burden was "sustainable"—decided that Greece would not recover unless its debt was written off in a meaningful way.[53][54] According to Yanis Varoufakis, the combative former Finance Minister of Greece, Lagarde and others at the top of the IMF were quite sympathetic behind closed doors, while stating that inside the Eurogroup there were "a few kind words and that was it".[55] As the crisis peaked again in summer 2015, Lagarde's organization made headlines by calling for massive debt relief for Greece,[56] a call she reiterated personally.[57] In 2016, the IMF refused to participate with eurozone countries in further emergency financing for Greece, because concrete measures to relieve the country of its debt burden remained absent.[58]

Lagarde addressing at the Singapore FinTech Festival 2017
Lagarde during the Munich Security Conference 2018

Questioned about her economic philosophy, Lagarde has described herself as "with Adam Smith—that is, liberal."[59]

"Payback" controversy

[edit]

In an interview in May 2012, Lagarde was asked about the Greek government-debt crisis. She mentioned Greek tax avoidance, and assented to the interviewer's suggestion that Greeks had "had a nice time" but now "it is payback time."[60][61] Her comments provoked controversy, with future Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras stating, "We don't need her compassion," and then-Deputy Prime Minister Evangelos Venizelos saying she had "insulted the Greek people."[62][63] In an effort to quell the negative response, the next day Lagarde made a post to her Facebook page saying: "As I have said many times before, I am very sympathetic to the Greek people and the challenges they are facing."[64] Within 24 hours, over 10,000 comments had been left in response, many of them obscene.[62]

In response to Lagarde's belief that not enough Greeks paid their taxes, Professor Emeritus John Weeks of the University of London said, "The moral weight of Christine Lagarde's matronising of the Greeks to pay their taxes is not strengthened by the fact that, as director of the IMF, she is in receipt of a tax-free annual salary of $468,000 (£298,000, plus perks)."[65][66] Robert W. Wood, in a Forbes article, wrote that "No taxes is the norm for most United Nations employees covered by a convention on diplomatic relations signed by most nations."[67]

Comment on King Abdullah

[edit]

In January 2015, on the death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, Lagarde said "he was a strong believer in pushing forward women's rights",[68] prompting a number of observers to comment on the life of women generally in Saudi Arabia.[69]

Loan to Argentina

[edit]

In 2019, the IMF granted Argentina a loan of $57 billion - equivalent to 10% of GDP. The loan, then the largest in the Fund's history, sparked controversy within the financial institution, as such a sum was far too high for such an economically fragile country. U.S. President Donald Trump and IMF President Christine Lagarde, however, interceded to have this loan request validated to support Mauricio Macri, struggling in the polls in the run-up to the 2019 presidential election. To get this deal through the official analysis grid, IMF teams used growth assumptions that would turn out to be profoundly unrealistic. The loan was then disbursed very quickly, before the election, but would lead Argentina into a serious debt crisis, with the country unable to meet its debts.[70]

European Central Bank

[edit]
Vote of the European Parliament on Lagarde's nomination

Nomination

[edit]

On 2 July 2019, Christine Lagarde was nominated by the European Council to succeed Mario Draghi as President of the European Central Bank (ECB) on 1 November 2019.[46] On 17 September 2019, the European Parliament voted via secret ballot to recommend her to the position, with 394 in favor, 206 opposed, and 49 abstentions.[71]

In September 2019 writers for Bloomberg opined that as president Lagarde was expected to maintain the accommodative monetary policy of her predecessor, Mario Draghi.[72] When addressing the European Parliament's ECON Committee ahead of her appointment, Lagarde also expressed her willingness to make the ECB play a role in fighting climate change[73] and to carry out a review of the ECB's monetary policy framework.[74] In July 2019 Prince Michael of Liechtenstein worried that Lagarde had "been extremely supportive of heavy deficit spending and cheap money" and felt that this fact portended ill.[75] Writers at the Wall Street Journal felt that her strength lay in her flexibility, and she was "a diplomat and negotiator, not a technocrat or economist".[76]

In post

[edit]

One of Lagarde's first initiatives at the helm of the ECB was to launch an overall strategic review, an exercise that had not been done at the ECB for 17 years; the Financial Times opined that this change "set up a clash" with the head of the Deutsche Bundesbank, Jens Weidmann. By contrast, the Banque de France governor François Villeroy de Galhau (and member of the ECB’s governing council) was supportive,[77] as well as an open letter whose 164 signatories included academics, economists, trade unions and environmental activists and 62 organizations like Greenpeace and Attac, who characterized as "particularly shocking" the plan for the ECB to purchase financial instruments of the fossil fuel industry.[78] As part of this exercise, she successfully pushed the ECB to adopt an action plan to address climate change. The action plan resulted in the implementation of green rules ("tilting") in the purchase of corporate bonds programme.[79]

In July 2024 Lagarde told reporters in Frankfurt that "Implementing the EU’s revised economic governance framework fully and without delay will help governments bring down budget deficit and debt ratios on a sustained basis. This was discussed, and we believe that it’s a very strong endorsement of the principle of discipline, so that all member states who have adhered and agreed to a set of rules under the fiscal governance framework will actually apply those rules and principles." At the time, Belgium, Greece, Spain, France and Italy were considered by the ECB "high risk in the medium term". France and Italy were among several nations "scolded in June [2024] by the European Commission for running deficits well above the bloc’s 3 per cent ceiling."[80] Another publication said she warned in Sintra at the ECB Forum about respect for EU budgetary rules: the ECB was "concerned about the fiscal rules that must be respected within the EU and the structural reforms that will lead to an improvement in productivity, which is the only way for Europe to remain strong and prosperous."[81]

In September 2024 Lagarde announced that the ECB's primary interest rate would be cut to 3.5% because of weak eurozone growth, as the rate of inflation had dropped to 2.2%.[82]

On 12 September 2024, after the Draghi report on EU competitiveness had been published, Lagarde said that the ECB would not help individual member states implement its recommendations: "Structural reforms are not the responsibility of the central bank — they are the responsibility of governments."[83]

Other activities

[edit]

European Union institutions

[edit]

International organizations

[edit]

Non-profit organizations

[edit]

Academic institutions

[edit]

Controversy

[edit]

The Lagarde list

[edit]
Main article: Lagarde list

In 2010 Lagarde, then finance minister of France, sent a list of 1,991 names of Greek customers who were potential tax avoiders with bank accounts at HSBC's Geneva branch to the Greek government.[89]

On 28 October 2012, Greek reporter and editor Kostas Vaxevanis claimed to be in possession of the list and published a document with more than 2,000 names in his magazine Hot Doc.[90][91] He was immediately arrested on charges of breaching privacy laws with a possible sentence of up to two years in prison.[92] After a public outcry, Vaxevanis was found not guilty three days later.[93] Vaxevanis then faced a retrial (the Greek authorities were yet to charge anyone on the list),[94] but was acquitted again. A few days before the Greek general elections of January 2015, when it was clear that left-wing Syriza would come to power, the financial crimes police of the conservative government of Antonis Samaras shredded reams of documents pertaining to corruption cases.[95]

Conviction of negligence in allowing the misuse of public funds

[edit]

On 3 August 2011, La Cour de Justice de la République, a special court in France set up to judge ministers and public officials for alleged crimes committed while in office, ordered an investigation into Lagarde's role in a €403 million arbitration deal in favour of businessman Bernard Tapie when she was finance minister in 2007.[96] On 20 March 2013, Lagarde's apartment in Paris was raided by French police as part of the investigation.[97] On 24 May 2013, after two days of questioning at the Court of Justice of the Republic (CJR), Lagarde was assigned the status of "assisted witness", meaning that she herself was not under investigation in the affair.[98] According to a press report from June 2013, Lagarde was described by Stéphane Richard, the CEO of France Telecom (a former aide to Lagarde when she was finance minister), who was himself put under formal investigation in the case, as having been fully briefed before approving the arbitration process which benefitted Bernard Tapie.[99][100]

In 2013, the press revealed an undated hand-written letter seized by investigators during a search of Christine Lagarde's Paris home, in which she appears to express her full allegiance to then-President Nicolas Sarkozy: "Use me for as long as it suits you and suits your action and your casting. (...) If you use me, I need you as a guide and as a support: without a guide, I risk being ineffective, without a support I risk having little credibility. With my immense admiration. Christine L."[101]

Subsequently, in August 2014 the CJR announced that it had formally approved a negligence investigation into Lagarde's role in the arbitration of the Tapie case.[102] On 17 December 2015, the CJR ordered Lagarde to stand trial before it for alleged negligence in handling the Tapie arbitration approval.[103][104][105]

In December 2016, the court found Lagarde guilty of negligence, but declined to impose either a fine or custodial penalty.[106]

Media

[edit]

Lagarde was interviewed in the documentary film Inside Job (2010), which later won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[107][108]

The American fashion magazine Vogue profiled Lagarde in September 2011.[59]

Lagarde was portrayed by Laila Robins in the HBO television film Too Big to Fail (2011), which was based on the popular non-fiction book of the same name by The New York Times journalist Andrew Ross Sorkin.[109]

Meryl Streep based parts of Miranda Priestly's appearance in the feature film The Devil Wears Prada (2006) on Lagarde, citing her "unassailable elegance and authority".[110]

Lagarde presented the 2014 Richard Dimbleby Lecture, titled "A New Multilateralism for the 21st Century".[111][112]

Recognition

[edit]

Lagarde received the insignia of Commander of the National Order of Merit from Emmanuel Macron in February 2022.[35]

Awards

[edit]
  • 2011 – 9th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[113]
  • 2012 – 8th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[114]
  • 2013 – 7th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[115]
  • 2014 – 5th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[116]
  • 2015 – 6th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[117]
  • 2016 – 6th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[118]
  • 2017 – 8th Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine
  • 2017 – #1 in the List of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations, awarded by UK-based company Richtopia[119]
  • 2018 – 3rd Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine
  • 2019 – CARE Humanitarian Award, awarded by CARE
  • 2019 – Distinguished International Leadership Award, awarded by the Atlantic Council
  • 2019 – 2nd Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine
  • 2020 – 2nd Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[10]
  • 2022 – 2nd Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[120]
  • 2023 – 2nd Most Powerful Woman in the World, named by Forbes magazine[121]

Honours

[edit]

Honorary doctorate

[edit]

Personal life

[edit]

Lagarde has been in three long-term relationships, one of which has been confirmed to have resulted in a marriage, while sources differ on whether the other two relationships resulted in a marriage. She married her first partner, French financial analyst Wilfried Lagarde, in 1982 and divorced him in 1992. The couple have two sons, Pierre-Henri Lagarde (born 1986) and Thomas Lagarde (born 1988).[124][125] Her second relationship was with the British businessman Eachran Gilmour. Sources differ on whether she ever married Gilmour.[126] Since 2006, she has been in a relationship with French entrepreneur Xavier Giocanti,[127] a fellow-student at Université Paris X.[124][128] Some sources have described their relationship as married, but no marriage date has ever been publicized.[129][130]

She is a health-conscious vegetarian,[131][130] and her hobbies include regular trips to the gym, cycling, and swimming.[17]

She speaks French, English and Spanish.[125] After she took office as president of the European Central Bank, it was reported that she intended to learn German.[132]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hope, Katie (12 July 2019). "Christine Lagarde: The 'rock star' of finance". BBC. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  2. ^ From Ralph Atkins; Andrew Whiffin; FT reporters (16 October 2009). "FT ranking of EU finance ministers". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  3. ^ a b c "IMF Executive Board Selects Christine Lagarde as Managing Director". Press Release. IMF. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Lagarde wins IMF top job, presses Greece on crisis". Reuters. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d "Christine Lagarde named IMF chief". BBC News. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  6. ^ "IMF Managing Directors". IMF. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  7. ^ "IMF's Lagarde re-elected to second term". Deutsche Welle. Reuters, AFP. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  8. ^ "IMF head convicted of criminal charges over massive government payout". The Independent. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  9. ^ "The World's Most Powerful Women 2019". Forbes. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2020". Forbes. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  11. ^ BURHO", "MOIRA FORBES AND MAGGIE MCGRATH WITH NICOLETTE JONES AND ERIKA. "The World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes.
  12. ^ "Le Nouvel Economiste". Nouveleconomiste.fr. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  13. ^ Lagarde, Christine. "Promoting Peace, Tolerance, and Respect". Imf.org. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  14. ^ Média, Prisma (15 June 2022). "Christine Lagarde - La biographie de Christine Lagarde avec Gala.fr".
  15. ^ "Les Anciens Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine" at Lycée François 1er
  16. ^ Barca, Antonio Jiménez (24 July 2011). "La mujer que oculta acero tras la sonrisa". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b Guinness, Molly (17 July 2011). "Is this the world's sexiest woman (and the most powerful)?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  18. ^ a b "Christine Lagarde: the key facts". Daily Telegraph. London. 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  19. ^ a b "Interview : Christine Lagarde, la face cachée d'une femme de pouvoir". Latribune.fr. October 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  20. ^ a b Shapira, Ian, "Christine Lagarde stirs wistful memories for friends in Holton Arms Class of ’74", The Washington Post, 29 July 2011.
  21. ^ Janet H. Clark (13 August 2013). "Christine Lagarde (French lawyer and politician) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  22. ^ "Christine Lagarde : biographie – Le Nouvel Observateur". Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  23. ^ "Christine Lagarde, Eleventh Managing Director of IMF – Biographical Information". Imf.org. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  24. ^ Marc Saillard. "Christine Lagarde élue à la tête du CA de Sciences po Aix – Educpros". Educpros.fr. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  25. ^ José María Irujo, Joaquín Gil (22 November 2019). "Lagarde was a director of two Baker & McKenzie affiliates in tax havens". El País (English edition).
  26. ^ "Firm Facts | Firm History | Baker & McKenzie". Bakermckenzie.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  27. ^ "Christine Lagarde, the eleventh European to head the IMF". Thomaswhite.com. 31 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  28. ^ "Christine Lagarde: Executive Profile & Biography". S&P Global Market Intelligence. Retrieved 11 May 2019 – via Bloomberg.com.
  29. ^ Petersen, Melody (9 October 1999). "Her Partners Can Call Her Ms. Chairman; Baker & McKenzie Takes Small Step for a Law Firm, Giant Leap for Womankind". The New York Times. p. C1. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  30. ^ "Christine Lagarde | Biography, IMF, ECB, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  31. ^ "Christine Lagarde biography". Ministry of the Economy (France). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  32. ^ "Décret du 18 mai 2007 relatif à la composition du Gouvernement" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  33. ^ "Décret du 19 juin 2007 relatif à la composition du Gouvernement" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  34. ^ Macey, David (2012). Frantz Fanon: A Biography (2nd ed.). London and New York, NY: Verso. p. xix. ISBN 978-1-844-67773-3.
  35. ^ a b "Le rêve américain de la Macronie : Christine Lagarde, bientôt à Matignon ?". 14 February 2022.
  36. ^ Sage, Adam (26 May 2011). "Christine Lagarde announces IMF candidacy". TheTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  37. ^ a b "IMF: US backs Christine Lagarde for top job". BBC News. London. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  38. ^ "Germany, Britain back Lagarde to lead IMF". The Washington Post. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  39. ^ "Soutiens européens à une candidature de Lagarde au FMI". Le Monde (in French). 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  40. ^ a b "Christine Lagarde announces IMF candidacy". BBC News. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  41. ^ "Lagarde suited to head IMF; India voted for her: Pranab". Moneycontrol India. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  42. ^ "France's Christine Lagarde wins IMF top job – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz. Israel. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  43. ^ Oxfam has called for the public release of the transcript of Christine Lagarde’s interview with the IMF Board Archived 18 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, news release dated 28 June 2011 at Oxfam.org, accessed 18 September 2018
  44. ^ "Lagarde peut rester à la tête du FMI (Sapin)" [Lagarde can remain at the head of the IMF (Sapin)]. Le Figaro (in French). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015.
  45. ^ James Politi, Sam Fleming and Alex Barker (12 September 2018), Christine Lagarde rules herself out of race for top jobs in EU Financial Times.
  46. ^ a b "IMF's Christine Lagarde nominated for top job at European Central Bank". CNBC. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  47. ^ Matthew Rocco (16 July 2019), IMF chief Christine Lagarde resigns following ECB nomination Financial Times.
  48. ^ "IMF wants to learn from Malaysia on how to tackle corruption". NST Online. 15 November 2018.
  49. ^ "As IMF's New Chief, Will Lagarde 'Keep Smiling'?". PBS NewsHour. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  50. ^ "IMF's Lagarde warns global economy threatened – Business – Stocks & economy". NBC News. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  51. ^ "Greece seeks more time to meet bailout terms". Al Arabiya News. AFP. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  52. ^ Paris, Coastas; Granitsas, Alkman (4 July 2012). "Greece's Creditors to Take Tough Line". WSJ.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  53. ^ Matina Stevis; Ian Talley (5 June 2013). "IMF Concedes It Made Mistakes on Greece". wsj.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013. In an internal document marked "strictly confidential," the IMF said it badly underestimated the damage that its prescriptions of austerity would do to Greece's economy, which has been mired in recession for the last six years. ... Over the last three years, a number of senior IMF figures, including Managing Director Christine Lagarde, have repeatedly said that Greece's debt level was 'sustainable'—likely to be repaid in full and on time.
  54. ^ Helena Smith (3 June 2013). "Greece's creditors close to writing off some of its debt". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 June 2013. In an implicit recognition that the eurozone's weakest member state will never recover unless some of its debt is forgiven, the International Monetary Fund's managing director, Christine Lagarde, said that Athens' debt pile, projected to reach a staggering 185% of GDP this year, would remain high 'well into the next decade'.
  55. ^ Lambert, Harry (13 July 2015). "Exclusive: Yanis Varoufakis opens up about his five-month battle to save Greece". newstatesman.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  56. ^ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (14 July 2015). "IMF stuns Europe with call for massive Greek debt relief". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  57. ^ Rankin, Jennifer (17 July 2015). "IMF steps up Greek bailout criticism over debt relief package". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  58. ^ Talley, Ian (25 May 2016). "IMF: No Cash Now for Greece Because Europe Hasn't Promised Debt Relief". wsj.com. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  59. ^ a b Johnson, Diane (September 2011). "Christine Lagarde: Changing of the Guard". Vogue. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  60. ^ Aitkenhead, Decca (25 May 2012). "Christine Lagarde: can the head of the IMF save the euro?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  61. ^ Elliott, Larry; Aitkenhead, Decca (25 May 2012). "It's payback time: don't expect sympathy – Lagarde to Greeks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  62. ^ a b Osborne, Alistair (27 May 2012). "Irate Greeks vilify IMF chief on Facebook after she brands them tax dodgers". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  63. ^ "Democracy in action". The Economist. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  64. ^ "Update of 26 May 2012, 09:43". Lagarde's Facebook page. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  65. ^ Weeks, John (27 May 2012). "Letters: IMF boss is in no position to preach". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  66. ^ Aldrick, Philip (29 May 2012). "Christine Lagarde attack on Greece backfires as she pays no tax". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  67. ^ Wood, Robert (30 May 2012). "TAXES IMF's Christine Lagarde: I Don't Pay Taxes, But You Should". Forbes. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  68. ^ "King Abdullah – a discreet but strong advocate of women, says IMF chief". The Guardian. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  69. ^ Tran, Mark (23 January 2015). "Lagarde calls King Abdullah 'advocate of women' – despite ban on driving". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  70. ^ "Christine Lagarde, the central banker who's mastered politics". Le Monde. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  71. ^ Emmott, Robin (17 September 2019). "Lagarde wins EU lawmakers' approval to lead ECB". Reuters. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  72. ^ Nikas, Sotiris; Skolimowski, Piotr (16 September 2019). "Lagarde Will Probably Keep ECB Stimulus Going, Stournaras Says". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  73. ^ Smith-Meyer, Bjarke (29 August 2019). "Lagarde promises to paint the ECB green". POLITICO. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  74. ^ "What can we hope from Christine Lagarde as ECB President?". Positive Money Europe. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  75. ^ "The ECB policy under Christine Lagarde leadership – GIS Reports". 9 July 2019.
  76. ^ Zumbrun, Josh; Pancevski, Bojan (18 July 2019). "What Christine Lagarde Brings to the ECB: Flexibility". Wall Street Journal.
  77. ^ Arnold, Martin (27 November 2019). "Christine Lagarde wants key role for climate change in ECB review". Financial Times.
  78. ^ ""The ECB must act now on climate change" Open letter to Christine Lagarde" (PDF). 27 November 2019.
  79. ^ Webb, Dominic (3 February 2023). "ECB deepens green tilt in corporate bond purchase programme". Responsible Investor. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  80. ^ "ECB strongly backs discipline on EU fiscal rules: Lagarde". 18 July 2024.
  81. ^ "Lagarde warns about respect for EU budgetary rules". 3 July 2024.
  82. ^ Wearden, Graeme. "ECB cuts interest rate to 3.5% and warns of weak eurozone growth". The Guardian.
  83. ^ "You're on your own implementing Draghi report, Lagarde tells governments".
  84. ^ General Board European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB).
  85. ^ 2008 Annual Report European Investment Bank (EIB).
  86. ^ 2008 Annual Report Asian Development Bank (ADB).
  87. ^ Leadership and governance World Economic Forum (WEF).
  88. ^ "Fellows". Robinson.cam.ac.uk. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  89. ^ "The Controversial 'Lagarde List' Has Leaked, And It's Bad News for the Greek Prime Minister". Businessinsider.com. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  90. ^ "Greece arrests journalist over 'Lagarde List' banks leak". BBC. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  91. ^ Julian Borger (28 October 2012). "Greek magazine editor in court for naming alleged tax evaders". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  92. ^ McElroy, Damien (30 October 2012). "Greek officials accused of persecution as 'Lagarde List' journalist appears in court". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  93. ^ "Greek journalist Kostas Vaxevanis acquitted in trial for naming alleged tax cheats (UPDATE)". Global Post. 1 November 2012.
  94. ^ Daley, Suzanne. "Greece's Aggressive Pursuit of Tax Offenders Appears to Collect More Anger Than Money." New York Times, 28 October 2013.
  95. ^ Carassava, Anthee (19 February 2015). "Greece shreds files on tax cheating by rich and powerful". thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  96. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (4 August 2011). "Christine Lagarde faces inquiry over €285m payout for Sarkozy ally | World news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  97. ^ "France – French police raid home of IMF boss Christine Lagarde". France 24. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  98. ^ "IMF chief Christine Lagarde key witness in Tapie case". Bbc.co.uk. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  99. ^ "Christine Lagarde accused over Bernard Tapie 'fraud' – Europe – World". The Independent. London. Reuters. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  100. ^ John Lichfield (23 May 2013). "IMF managing director Christine Lagarde in court over money to disgraced tycoon Bernard Tapie in 2008 – Europe – World". The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  101. ^ "La lettre d'allégeance de Christine Lagarde à Nicolas Sarkozy". Le Monde.fr (in French). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  102. ^ "IMF's Christine Lagarde 'under investigation'". bbc.co.uk. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  103. ^ "IMF chief Lagarde to stand negligence trial in France". BBC News. 17 December 2015.
  104. ^ Deen, Mark; Mayeda, Andrew (17 December 2015). "IMF's Lagarde to Face Trial for 'Negligence' in Tapie Case". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  105. ^ Lhomme, Fabrice; Davet, Gérard (18 December 2015). "Tapie-Crédit lyonnais : Christine Lagarde renvoyée devant la justice". Le Monde (in French).
  106. ^ "Christine Lagarde avoids jail, keeps job after guilty verdict in negligence trial". The Guardian. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  107. ^ Tett, Gillian (9 December 2011). "Power with grace". Financial Times. Ft.com. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  108. ^ "Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards". Oscars.org. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  109. ^ Nikki Schwab; Katy Adams (29 June 2011). "New IMF chief portrayed in HBO's 'Too Big To Fail'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 29 June 2011. [permanent dead link‍]
  110. ^ "The Devil Wears Prada Turns 10: Meryl Streep, Anne Hathaway, and Emily Blunt tell all". Variety. 23 June 2016.
  111. ^ Telegraph. Nationalism could destroy global economy, warns Christine Lagarde. 4 February 2014.
  112. ^ Economic Times. Inequality increasing globally including in India: Christine Lagarde. 4 February 2014.
  113. ^ "World's Most Powerful Women List - Forbes". Forbes. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  114. ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women List - Forbes". Forbes. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  115. ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women List". Forbes. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  116. ^ "World's Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  117. ^ "World's Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  118. ^ "World's Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  119. ^ "Top 100 Leaders from Multilateral Organisations: From Christine Lagarde to António Guterres, These Are the Most Influential People in the NGO Sphere". Richtopia. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  120. ^ Mcgrath, Maggie. "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2022. Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  121. ^ Mcgrath, Maggie. "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2023. Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  122. ^ "KU Leuven awards honorary doctorate to Christine Lagarde, IMF chief – KU Leuven". Kuleuven.be. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  123. ^ "Université de Montréal presents honorary doctorate to Christine Lagarde". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  124. ^ a b Jean-Louis Beaucarnot, Le Tout politique (L'Archipel, 2022) at "Christine Lagarde: Famille proche"
  125. ^ a b "Christine Lagarde Fast Facts". CNN. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  126. ^ Jean-Louis Beaucarnot, Le Tout politique (L'Archipel, 2022) at "Christine Lagarde: Famille proche". Several sources described them as married ("The disarming charm of Christine Lagarde". Daily Telegraph. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2019.) and divorced ("Christine Lagarde: fast facts" at CNN)
  127. ^ Gillian Tett (12 September 2014), Lunch with the FT: Christine Lagarde Financial Times.
  128. ^ Cyril Morin, "OM: cinq choses à savoir sur Xavier Giocanti" in Eurosport (19 April 2016)
  129. ^ "Qui est Xavier Giocanti, le mari de Christine Lagarde ?" in Blog—Introduction
  130. ^ a b "Xavier Giocanti, le mari de... Christine Lagarde" (in French). Paris Match. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  131. ^ "Christine Lagarde – La biographie de Christine Lagarde avec" (in French). Gala.fr. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  132. ^ "Christine Lagarde apprend l'allemand". Le Soir (in French). 30 December 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
[edit]

Official

[edit]

Other

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Lagarde&oldid=1264858560"